Medical Advocates
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra/Aluvia)
 
Journal Citations: Adolescent/Adult
Treatment

General Reports                        Transplantations
 Drug Comparison Studies          HIV/HCV Coinfection
Once Daily Dosing Studies
Monotherapy
 Combination Therapies
Risk Factors
Simplification Therapy
Switching Therapy
Salvage Therapy
Treatment Interruption
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Last Update: October 02, 2008
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General Reports
 
 
A WEEK IN REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
FULL-TEXT PDF ARTICLE
 Significant improvements in self-reported gastrointestinal tolerability, quality of life, patient satisfaction,
and adherence with lopinavir/ritonavir tablet formulation compared with soft gel capsules.
 Schrader S, Chuck SK, Rahn LW, et al 
AIDS Res Ther. 2008 Sep 17;5(1):21.
 Paper
 
A WEEK IN REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
 Low-level viremia persists for at least 7 years in patients on suppressive antiretroviral
therapy.
Palmer S, Maldarelli F, Wiegand A, et al
 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 10
Paper

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Effect of an Antiretroviral Regimen Containing Ritonavir Boosted Lopinavir on Intestinal and
Hepatic CYP3A, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein in HIV-infected Patients.
Wyen C, Fuhr U, Frank D, et al 
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 9
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 A predictive genotypic algorithm for virologic response to lopinavir/ritonavir in
protease inhibitor-experienced patients.
King MS, Rode R, Cohen-Codar I, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Jun 18;
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral
Therapy Achieve High Rates of Virologic Suppression Despite Adherence
Rates Less Than 95%.
Shuter J, Sarlo JA, Kanmaz TJ, et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 May 1;45(1):4-8.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Evidence of Ongoing Immune Reconstitution in Subjects with Sustained Viral
Suppression following 6 Years of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Treatment.
Landay A, da Silva BA, King MS, et al
Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44(5):749-54.
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 The use of drug resistance algorithms and genotypic inhibitory quotient in prediction
of lopinavir-ritonavir treatment response in human immunodeficiency virus type 1
protease inhibitor-experienced patients.
Maillard A, Chapplain JM, Tribut O, et al
 J Clin Virol. 2007 Jan 3;
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Long-Term Immunologic Outcome in HAART-Experienced Subjects Receiving
Lopinavir/Ritonavir.
 Bongiovanni M, Bini T, Casana M, et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 Nov;22(11):1096-105.
 Abstract
 
A Retrospective TDM Database Analysis of Interpatient Variability in the
Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir in HIV-infected Adults.
van der Leur MR, Burger DM, la Porte CJ, Koopmans PP.
Ther Drug Monit. 2006 Oct;28(5):650-653
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
 Pharmacoeconomic analysis of a maintenance strategy with lopinavir/ritonavir
monotherapy in HIV-infected patients.
Escobar I, Pulido F, Perez E, et al 
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006 Oct;24(8):490-4
 Paper

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Long-term safety and durable antiretroviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir in
treatment-naive patients: 4 year follow-up study
Hicks C, King M, ; Gulick R, et al
 AIDS: Vol 18(5) 26 March 2004 pp 775-779
Paper

Remission of HIV-associated myelopathy after initiation of lopinavir in a patient with
extensive previous exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy
Eyer-Silva WA,Couto-Fernandez JC, Caetano M,et al
AIDS: Vol16(17) 22 November 2002 pp 2367-2369
Letter
Once Daily Dosing Studies
 
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
A Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Once-Daily Regimen Results in Better Compliance and Is
Non-inferior to a Twice-Daily Regimen Through 96 Weeks.
 Molina JM, Podsadecki TJ, Johnson MA, et al 
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007 Dec;23(12):1505-1514.
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetic Profile: Impact of Sex and Other Covariates
Following a Change From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Therapy.
Ofotokun I, Chuck SK, Binongo JN, et al 
J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 5
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 A Once-Daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Regimen Provides Noninferior Antiviral
Activity Compared With a Twice-Daily Regimen.
Johnson MA, Gathe JC Jr, Podzamczer D, et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Aug 31;
Abstract

Once-Daily versus Twice-Daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Antiretroviral-Naive
HIV-Positive Patients: A 48-Week Randomized Clinical Trial
Eron JJ, Feinberg J, Kessler HA, et al
J Infect Dis. 2004 Jan 15; 189(2): 265-72
 Abstract
Monotherapy
 
 
Effect of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy on quality of life and self-reported symptoms among antiretroviral-naive
patients: results of the MONARK trial.
 Spire B, Marcellin F, Cohen-Codar I, et al
 Antivir Ther. 2008;13(4):591-9.
 Abstract
 
A WEEK IN REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Long-term (4 years) efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy for maintenance of HIV
suppression.
Pulido F, Delgado R, Pérez-Valero I, et al
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Mar 13
 Abstract
 
A WEEK IN REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy as maintenance treatment in HIV-infected individuals with
virological suppression: results from a pilot study in Brazil.
Sprinz E, Bay MB, Lazzaretti RK, et al   
HIV Med. 2008 Mar 10
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy or plus zidovudine and lamivudine in antiretroviral-naive
HIV-infected patients.
Delfraissy JF, Flandre P, Delaugerre C,et al
AIDS. 2008 Jan 30;22(3):385-93.
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy versus lopinavir-ritonavir and two nucleosides for
maintenance therapy of HIV.
 Pulido F, Arribas JR, Delgado R, et al 
AIDS. 2008 Jan 11;22(2):F1-F9.
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Monotherapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Schechter M, Nunes EP.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 May;16(5):735-41
 Abstract
 
  Pharmacoeconomic analysis of a maintenance strategy with lopinavir/ritonavir
monotherapy in HIV-infected patients
Escobar I, Pulido F, Pérez E, Arribas JR, etal
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006 Oct;24(8):490-4.
 Abstract
 
  A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Lopinavir/Ritonavir as Single-Drug Therapy for Maintenance of HIV-1 Viral
Suppression: 48-Week Results of a Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label,
Proof-of-Concept Pilot Clinical Trial (OK Study).
Arribas JR, Pulido F, Delgado R, et al  
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Nov 1;40(3):280-287.
 Abstract
Risk Factors
 

Elevated Liver Enzymes

  Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in HIV antiretroviral-experienced patients: evaluation
of risk factors for liver enzyme elevation
Meraviglia P, Schiavini M, Castagna A, et al
HIV Med. 2004 Sep;5(5):334-343.
 Abstract

Elevated Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels

  Decrease in LDL size in HIV-positive adults before and after lopinavir/ritonavir-
containing regimen: an index of atherogenicity?
Badiou S, Merle De Boever C, et al.
Atherosclerosis 2003 May;168(1):107-13
 Abstract

Antiretroviral therapies.
Dominguez S, Bricaire F
Presse Med 2000 Dec 2;29(37):2065-8 
Abstract

  
Simplification Therapy
 
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy as a simplification strategy in routine clinical practice.
 Moltó J, Santos JR, Negredo E, et al 
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Jun 7;
 Abstract
 
The level of persistent HIV viremia does not increase after successful simplification of
maintenance therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir alone.
McKinnon JE, Arribas JR, Pulido F, et al 
AIDS. 2006 Nov 28;20(18):2331-5.
 Abstract
 
Switching Therapy
 
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Efficacy and tolerability of a double boosted protease inhibitor (lopinavir +
saquinavir/ritonavir) regimen in HIV-infected patients who failed treatment with
nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Chetchotisakd P, Anunnatsiri S, Mootsikapun P, et al
 HIV Med. 2007 Nov;8(8):529-535.
 Abstract
 
Kaletra Single Agent HAART after Intolerance of NRTI- and NNRTI-Containing
Regimens Following Kidney Transplantation.
 Schürmann D, Wesselmann H, Kurowski M, et al
 Infection. 2007 Jun;35(3):194-6.
 Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected patient with long-term virological failure:
immunovirological response and tolerance in 121 patients of the ANRS CO8
Aproco-Copilote cohort.
Brunet-Francois C, Taieb A, Masquelier B, et al 
Med Mal Infect. 2007 Jan 16;
 Abstract
 
Use of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients failing a first-line protease-inhibitor-
containing HAART.
Bongiovanni M, Chiesa E, Di Biagio A, et al
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Apr 11
 Abstract

Immunovirological outcomes in 70 HIV-1-infected patients who switched to
lopinavir/ritonavir after failing at least one  protease inhibitor-containing regimen:
a retrospective cohort study.
Bongiovanni M, Bini T, Tordato F, et al.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Jan;51(1):171-4.
 Abstract

  
Salvage Therapy
 
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
 Once-daily directly observed therapy lopinavir/ritonavir plus indinavir as a
protease inhibitor-only salvage therapy in heavily pretreated HIV-1-infected
patients: a pilot study.
Elzi L, Hirsch HH, Battegay M.
AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):129-31.
 Abstract
 
Response of HIV positive patients to the long-term salvage therapy by lopinavir/ritonavir.
Vaclavikova J, Machala L, Stankova M, et al 
J Clin Virol. 2005 Aug;33(4):319-23
 Abstract
 
Lopinavir Plasma Concentrations and Changes in Lipid Levels During
Salvage Therapy with Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Containing Regimens.
Gutierrez F, Padilla S, Navarro A, et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Aug 15;33(5):594-600.
 Abstract
 
HIV-1 Phenotypic Susceptibility to Lopinavir (LPV) and Genotypic
Analysis in LPV/r-Naive Subjects With Prior Protease Inhibitor
Experience.
Monno L, Saracino A, Scudeller L, et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Aug 1;33(4):439-447.
 Abstract
 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Lopinavir/ritonavir plus saquinavir in salvage therapy; pharmacokinetics, tolerability
and efficacy.
la Porte C JL,  Wasmuth J-C,  Schneider K,  et al
AIDS. 17(11):1700-1702, July 25, 2003.
Paper

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
 Clinical use of lopinavir/ritonavir in a salvage therapy setting: pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics.
Boffito M, Arnaudo I, Raiteri R, et al.
 AIDS 2002 Oct 18;16(15):2081-3
 Paper

FULL TEXT PDF ARTICLE
Salvage treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) in HIV-infected patients failing all
current antiretroviral drug families
Mendoza CD, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P , et al.
HIV Clin Trials 2002 Jul-Aug;3(4):304-9
 Paper

  
Treatment Interruption
 
  FULL TEXT PDF ARTICLE
 Interruption to treatment with combined lopinavir/ritonavir therapy in HIV positive patients
 Sanfélix Gimeno G, Rocher Milla A, Roldán García G, et al 
Farm Hosp. 2007 Aug;31(4):206-211.
 Paper
Transplantations
 
Kidney
 
  Kaletra Single Agent HAART after Intolerance of NRTI- and NNRTI-Containing
Regimens Following Kidney Transplantation.
Schürmann D, Wesselmann H, Kurowski M, et al
 Infection. 2007 Jun;35(3):194-6.
 Abstract
 
Liver
 
 
Management of drug-to-drug interactions between cyclosporine A and the protease-
inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir in liver-transplanted HIV-infected patients.
Vogel M, Voigt E, Michaelis HC, et al
Liver Transpl. 2004 Jul;10(7):939-44.
 Abstract

Effect of coadministered lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra) on tacrolimus blood
concentration in liver transplantation patients.
Jain AB, Venkataramanan R, Eghtesad B, et al
Liver Transpl. 2003 Sep;9(9):954-960.
 Abstract

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Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Journal Papers/Abstracts/Commentaries: Adolescent/Adult Treatment Strategies