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Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra/Aluvia)
 
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Last Update: May 09, 2012
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General Reports

 

 
Non-linear mixed effects modeling of antiretroviral drug response after administration of lopinavir, atazanavir
and efavirenz containing regimens to treatment-naďve HIV-1 infected patients.
Röshammar D, Simonsson US, Ekvall H, et al  
J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn
. 2011 Oct 2.
Abstract

Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of novel amino alcohols containing central core of the
anti-HIV drugs Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
Gomes CR, Moreth M, Cardinot D,  et al
Chem Biol Drug Des
. 2011 Sep 20.
Abstract

Lopinavir up-regulates expression of the antiviral protein ribonuclease L in
human papillomavirus-positive cervical carcinoma cells.
Batman G, Oliver AW, Zehbe I,  et al
Antivir Ther
. 2011;16(4):515-25.
Abstract

Effect of boosted fosamprenavir or lopinavir-based combinations on whole-body insulin
sensitivity and lipids in treatment-naive HIV-type-1-positive men.
Randell PA, Jackson AG, Boffito M,  et al
Antivir Ther. 2010;15(8):1125-1132
Abstract

Differential Effects of Efavirenz and Lopinavir/Ritonavir on Human Adipocyte Differentiation,
Gene Expression and Release of Adipokines and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines.
Gallego-Escuredo1 JM, Del Mar Gutierrez M, Diaz-Delfin J,  et al 
Curr HIV Res
. 2010 Oct 1;
Abstract

Lopinavir Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) for Intestinal Lymphatic Targeting
Alex MR, Chacko AJ, Jose S, Souto EB.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010 Oct 21.
Abstract

Lopinavir inhibits meningioma cell proliferation by Akt independent mechanism.
Johnson MD, O'Connell M, Pilcher W.

J Neurooncol
. 2010 Jul 2.
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Protease inhibitors atazanavir, lopinavir and ritonavir are potent blockers, but
poor substrates, of ABC transporters in a broad panel of ABC transporter-
overexpressing cell lines.
Bierman WF, Scheffer GL, Schoonderwoerd A,  et al
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Jun 15
Abstract

Differential Effects of Efavirenz, Lopinavir/r, and Atazanavir/r on the Initial Viral Decay
Rate in Treatment Naďve HIV-1-Infected Patients.
Edén A, Andersson LM, Andersson O, et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010 May 10.
Abstract

Combining metabolic fingerprinting and footprinting to understand the phenotypic response
of HPV16 E6 expressing cervical carcinoma cells exposed to the HIV anti-viral drug lopinavir.
Kim DH, Jarvis RM, Xu Y,  et al
Analyst
. 2010 Apr 14.
Abstract

A WEEK-IN REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
The impact of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the plasma concentration of lopinavir
and ritonavir in HIV-infected men.
Kohlrausch FB, de Cássia Estrela R, Barroso PF, Suarez-Kurtz G.
Br J Clin Pharmacol
. 2010 Jan;69(1):95-98
Abstract

Lopinavir Cerebrospinal Fluid Steady-State Trough Concentrations in HIV-Infected Adults
(December).

Dicenzo R, Difrancesco R, Cruttenden K, et al
Ann Pharmacother
. 2009 Nov 24
Abstract

Plasma concentrations of generic lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV type-1-infected individuals.
van der Lugt J, Lange J, Avihingsanon A, et a
Antivir Ther. 2009;14(7):1001-4
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Factors influencing lopinavir and atazanavir plasma concentration.
Stöhr W, Back D, Dunn D, et al
J Antimicrob Chemother
. 2009 Nov 6.
Abstract

Association between ABCC2 polymorphism and lopinavir accumulation in peripheral blood
mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients.

Elens L, Yombi JC, Lison D, et al  
Pharmacogenomics
. 2009 Oct;10(10):1589-97
Abstract


Lopinavir co-induces insulin resistance and ER stress in human adipocytes.
Djedaini M, Peraldi P, Drici MD, et al   
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jun 4
Abstract

Binding of Lopinavir to HumanI {alpha}1-Acid Glycoprotein and Serum Albumin.
Gulati A, Boudinot D, Gerk PM.  
Drug Metab Dispos
. 2009 May 13.
Abstract

Water-Soluble Prodrugs of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
Degoey DA, Grampovnik DJ, Flosi WJ, et al 
J Med Chem
. 2009 Apr 6.
Abstract
 

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Study of the Gastrointestinal Tolerance of a New Tablet Formulation of the Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Antiretroviral in HIV-Infected Patients.
de la Fuente JS, Granja V, Escobar I,  et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
. 2009 Feb 3
Abstract

 
Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of HIV-1 infection: a review.
Chandwani A
, Shuter J.
Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Oct;4(5):1023-103
Abstract

 
Lopinavir/ritonavir: a protease inhibitor for HIV-1 treatment.
Barragan P, Podzamczer D.
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Sep;9(13):2363-75
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
FULL-TEXT PDF ARTICLE

Significant improvements in self-reported gastrointestinal tolerability, quality of life, patient satisfaction,
and adherence with lopinavir/ritonavir tablet formulation compared with soft gel capsules.

Schrader S, Chuck SK, Rahn LW, et a
AIDS Res Ther.
2008 Sep 17;5(1):21.
Paper
 
Lopinavir impairs protein synthesis and induces eEF2 phosphorylation via the activation of
AMP-activated protein kinase.
Hong-Brown LQ, Brown CR, Huber DS, Lang CH. 
J Cell Biochem.
2008 Aug 19.
Abstract
 
Lopinavir/ritonavir: a protease inhibitor for HIV-1 treatment.
Barragan P, Podzamczer D
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Sep;9(13):2363-75
Abstract
 
No impairment of endothelial function or insulin sensitivity with 4 weeks of the HIV protease inhibitors
atazanavir or lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy subjects without HIV infection: a placebo-controlled trial.
Dubé MP, Shen C, Greenwald M, Mather KJ.
Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 15;47(4):567-74.
Abstract

 
Molecular dynamic simulations analysis of ritronavir and lopinavir as SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitors.
Nukoolkarn V, Lee VS, Malaisree M, Aruksakulwong O, Hannongbua S. 
J Theor Biol.
2008 Jul 29.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Peptide prodrugs: Improved oral absorption of lopinavir, a HIV protease inhibitor.
Agarwal S, Boddu SH, Jain R,et al
Int J Pharm.
2008 Mar 28
Abstract
 
Absence of HIV-1 shedding in male genital tract after 1 year of first-line lopinavir/ritonavir
alone or in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine.

Ghosn J, Chaix ML, Peytavin G, et al 

J Antimicrob Chemother.
2008 Mar 13
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
FULL TEXT
PDF ARTICLE

Low-level viremia persists for at least 7 years in patients on suppressive antiretroviral
therapy.

Palmer S, Maldarelli F, Wiegand A, et al 

Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A. 2008 Mar 10

Paper
 
Lopinavir with Ritonavir Reduces the HIV RNA Level in Cerebrospinal Fluid.
Letendre SL, van den Brande G, Hermes A, et al
Clin Infect Dis.
2007 Oct 19;45(11)
Abstract
 
Lopinavir + ritonavir tablets: new formulation. More convenient, but minimal
evaluation.

[No authors listed]
 
Prescrire Int.
2007 Aug;16(90):148.
Abstract
 
In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2
(HIV-2) with decreased susceptibility to lopinavir.

Masse S, Lu X, Dekhtyar T, et al 

Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2007 Jun 18;
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/ritonavir: appraisal of its use in HIV therapy.
von Hentig N
Drugs Today (Barc). 2007 Apr;43(4):221-47.
Abstract
 
Lopinavir plus ritonavir: a novel protease inhibitor combination for HIV infections.
Tan D, Walmsley S
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2007 Feb;5(1):13-28.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
The Tablet Formulation of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Provides Similar Bioavailability to
the Soft-Gelatin Capsule Formulation With Less Pharmacokinetic Variability and
Diminished Food Effect.

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2007 Jan 11;

Abstract

 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/Ritonavir : A Review of its Use in the Management of HIV Infection

Oldfield V, Plosker GL.
   
Drugs.
2006;66(9):1275-99.
Abstract
 
Association of total bilirubin with indinavir and lopinavir plasma concentrations in
HIV-infected patients receiving three different double-boosted dosing regimens.

Dicenzo R, Luque A, Larppanichpoonphol P, Reichman R. 
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Jun 7
Abstract
 
Lopinavir-ritonavir: effects on endothelial cell function in healthy subjects.
Grubb JR, Dejam A, Voell J, et al  
 
J Infect Dis.
2006 Jun 1;193(11):1516-9.
Abstract
 
Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Kaplan SS, Hicks CB
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Aug;6(9):1573-85.
Abstract
 
Instability of lopinavir/ritonavir capsules at ambient temperatures in sub-Saharan
Africa: relevance to WHO antiretroviral guidelines

Pau AK, Moodley NK, Holland DT, Fomundam H, et al 
AIDS.
2005 Jul 22;19(11):1233-1234
Abstract

 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Virological, intracellular and plasma pharmacological parameters predicting
response to lopinavir/ritonavir (KALEPHAR Study)

Breilh D, Pellegrin I, Rouzés A, et al
AIDS: Vol 18(9) 18 June 2004 pp 1305-1310
Paper
 
Lopinavir/ritonavir absorption in a gastrectomized patient.
Boffito M, Lucchini A, Maiello A, et al

AIDS. 17(1):136-137, January 3, 2003.
Letter

Animal Studies
 

 
Effect of Grapefruit Juice and Ritonavir on Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir in Wistar Rats.
Ravi PR, Vats R, Thakur R, et al  
Phytother Res
. 2012 Feb 4.
Abstract

Simple, Rapid and Validated LC Determination of Lopinavir in Rat Plasma and its Application in
Pharmacokinetic Studies.
Vats R, Murthy AN, Ravi PR.
Sci Pharm
. 2011;79(4):849-863
Abstract

Mechanisms of reduced maternal and fetal lopinavir exposure in a rat model of gestational diabetes.
Anger G, Piquette-Miller M.
Drug Metab Dispos
. 2011 Jul 8
Abstract

Metabolic and Neurologic Consequences of Chronic Lopinavir/Ritonavir Administration to
C57BL/6 mice.

Pistell PJ, Gupta S, Knight AG,  et al.
Antiviral Res
. 2010 Oct 20.
Abstract

Long term treatment by lopinavir/ritonavir induces a reduction in peripheral
adipose deposits in mice

Prot M, Heripret L, Cardot-Leccia N, et al 

Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2006 Sep 25

Abstract


In Vitro Studies

 

 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir on glucose uptake and
insulin sensitivity: demonstrable  differences in vitro and clinically.

Noor MA, Flint OP, Maa JF, Parker RA.  

AIDS.
2006 Sep 11;20(14):1813-21.
Abstract
 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Estimation of Serum-Free 50-Percent Inhibitory Concentrations for Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Lopinavir and Ritonavir.

Hickman D, Vasavanonda S, Nequist G,et al.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Aug;48(8):2911-2917
Paper

 
Analysis of protease inhibitor combinations in vitro: activity of lopinavir,
amprenavir and tipranavir against HIV type 1 wild-type and drug-resistant isolates.

Bulgheroni E, Citterio P, Croce F, et al 
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Mar;53(3):464-8
Abstract

In vitro hypersusceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C
protease to lopinavir.

Gonzalez LM, Brindeiro RM, Tarin M, et al

Antimicrob Agents Chemother
. 2003 Sep;47(9):2817-22.
Abstract
 

  In vitro antiviral interaction of lopinavir with other protease inhibitors.
Molla A, Mo H, Vasavanonda S, Han L
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jul;46(7):2249-53

Abstract
 
  X-ray crystallographic structure of ABT-378 (Lopinavir) bound to HIV-1 protease.
Stoll V, Qin W, Stewart KD, Jakob C, et al
Bioorg Med Chem
2002 Aug;10(8):2803-6
Abstract
   
  FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
In vitro metabolism of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ABT-378: species comparison
and metabolite identification
.

Kumar GN, Jayanti V, Lee RD, et al. 

Drug Metab Dispos
1999 Jan;27(1):86-91
Paper
   
  Human serum attenuates the activity of protease inhibitors toward wild-type
and mutant human immunodeficiency virus

Molla A, Vasavanonda S, Kumar G, Sham HL, et al.
Virology
1998 Oct 25;250(2):255-62
Abstract
   
  FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-378, a novel protease inhibitor.

Carrillo A, Stewart KD, Sham HL, et al.
J Virol 1998 Sep;72(9):7532-41

Paper

Product Reviews
 

 
Formulation preference, tolerability and quality of life assessment following a switch
from lopinavir/ritonavir Soft Gel capsule to tablet in human immunodeficiency virus-
infected patients.

Ofotokun I, Chuck SK, Schmotzer B, O'Neil KL.
AIDS Res Ther
. 2009 Dec 22;6(1):29
Abstract

A bioequivalence study comparing two formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir capsules.
Tippabhotla SK, Thudi NR, Raghuvanshi R, et al
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;46(4):204-10.
Abstract
 

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Limited Penetration of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in the Genital Tract of Men Infected
with HIV-1 in Brazil.

Vergara TR, Estrela RC, Suarez-Kurtz G, et al
 

Ther Drug Monit.
2006 Apr;28(2):175-179
.
Abstract

Lopinavir/Ritonavir : A Review of its Use in the Management of HIV
Infection.

Cvetkovic R, Goa K.
Drugs 2003;63(8):769-802
Abstract
 

  Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir)
Corbett AH, Lim ML, Kashuba AD.
Ann Pharmacother 2002 Jul;36(7):1193-1203

Abstract
 
  Lopinavir/ritonavir (ABT-378/r).
Qazi NA, Morlese JF, Pozniak AL.
Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002
Mar;3(3):315-27
Abstract
 
  Lopinavir-Ritonavir: a new protease inhibitor.
Mangum EM, Graham KK.
Pharmacotherapy 2001 Nov;21(11):1352-63
Abstract
 
Lopinavir.
Hurst M, Faulds D
Drugs 2000 Dec;60(6):1371-9; discussion 1380-1 
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics
 

 
Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Etravirine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir Melt Extrusion
Formulation, Alone and in Combination, in Healthy HIV-Negative Volunteers.
Schöller-Gyüre M, Kakuda TN, et al
J Clin Pharmacol
. 2012 May 1.
Abstract

Steady-state pharmacokinetics of lopinavir plus ritonavir when administered under different meal
conditions in HIV-infected Ugandan adults.
Lamorde M, Byakika-Kibwika P, et al  
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
.
2012 Apr 4.
Abstract

Population Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra) in HIV-Infected Patients.
Aspiroz EL, Buelga DS, Figueroa SC, et al
Ther Drug Monit
. 2011 Sep 10.
Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in HIV-infected adults receiving rifampicin with adjusted doses of
lopinavir/ritonavir tablets.
Decloedt EH, McIlleron H, Smith P, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 May 2.
Abstract

Sex Differences in Lopinavir and Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics Among HIV-Infected Women and Men.
Umeh OC, Currier JS, Park JG,  et al
J Clin Pharmacol
. 2011 Jan 13
Abstract

An integrated pharmacokinetic model for the influence of CYP3A4 expression on the in vivo
disposition of lopinavir and its modulation by ritonavir.
Heine RT, Van Waterschoot RA, Keizer RJ,  et al
J Pharm Sci
. 2010 Dec 29
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Pharmacokinetics of plasma lopinavir/ritonavir following the administration of 400/100 mg,
200/150 mg and 200/50 mg twice daily in HIV-negative volunteers.
Jackson A, Hill A, Puls R, Else L,  et al
J Antimicrob Chemother
. 2010 Dec 17
Abstract

Assessing the impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on lopinavir/ritonavir trough
concentrations in HIV-infected patients.
Calza L, Mosca L, Pocaterra D, et al
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
. 2010 Sep 28.
Abstract

Effects of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and the drug transporters P-glycoprotein
(MDR1/ABCB1) and MRP2 (ABCC2) on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir.
van Waterschoot RA, Ter Heine R, Wagenaar E,et al
Br J Pharmacol
. 2010 Jul;160(5):1224-33.
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir./Ritonavir with and  without Non-Nucleoside
Reverse Transcript Inhibitors in  Ugandan HIV-Infected Adults
K
ityo C, Walker AS, Dickinson L, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
. 2010 Apr 26
Abstract

ADME pharmacogenetics: investigation of the pharmacokinetics of the antiretroviral
agent lopinavir coformulated with ritonavir.
Lubomirov R, di Iulio J, Fayet A, et al
Pharmacogenet Genomics
. 2010 Feb 4.
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
A population analysis of weight-related differences in lopinavir pharmacokinetics and possible consequences for protease inhibitor-naive and -experienced patients.
Bouillon-Pichault M, Jullien V, Piketty C, et al

Antivir Ther
. 2009;14(7):923-9
Abstract

Lopinavir/Ritonavir pharmacokinetics in a substitution of high-dose soft-gelatin capsule to tablet formulation.
Hull MW, Harris M, Lima V, et al 
J Clin Pharmacol
. 2009 Feb;49(2):155-61.
Abstract
 

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir once daily and lopinavir/ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h
following drug cessation.
Boffito M, Else L, Back D,  
Antivir Ther
. 2008;13(7):901-7.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected persons
requiring hemodialysis.

Gupta SK, Rosenkranz SL, Cramer YS, et al 
 
AIDS.
2008 Oct 1;22(15):1919-1927
Abstract
 
Simultaneous Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Lopinavir and Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Adults.
Moltó J, Barbanoj MJ, Miranda C, et al
Clin Pharmacokinet. 2008;47(10):681-92.
Abstract
 
Lopinavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients With or Without Cirrhosis.
Micheli V, Regazzi M, Dickinson L ,
et al
Ther Drug Monit. 2008 Jun;30(3):306-313
Abstract
 
Effects of Acid-reducing agents on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir and
ritonavir-boosted atazanavir.

Klein CE, Chiu YL, Cai Y, et al
Clin Pharmacol.
2008 May;48(5):553-62.
Abstract
 
Pharmacokinetics and short-term efficacy of a double-boosted protease inhibitor regimen in
treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults.

van der Lugt J, Autar RS, Ubolyam S, et al
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Feb 18
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Factors associated with altered pharmacokinetics in substance users and
non-substance users receiving lopinavir and atazanavir.

Higgins N, Zingman BS, Slish J, et al
Am J Addict.
2007 Nov-Dec;16(6):488-94
.
Abstract
 
Pharmacokinetics of Two Randomized Trials Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy
of Indinavir, Saquinavir and Lopinavir in Combination with Low-Dose Ritonavir:
The MaxCmin1 and 2 Trials.

Justesen US, Fox Z, Pedersen C, et al
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101(5):339-44.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetic Profile: Impact of Sex and Other Covariates
Following a Change From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Therapy.

Ofotokun I, Chuck SK, Binongo JN, et al 

J Clin Pharmacol
. 2007 Jul 5
Abstract
 
Lack of Effect of Gastric Acid-Reducing Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of
Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Patients.

Chiu YL, Klein CE, Woodward WC, et al 

AIDS Patient Care STDS
. 2007 Apr;21(4):247-51.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infected
Patients without Liver Function Impairment : Influence of Liver Fibrosis.

Molto J, Valle M, Blanco A, Negredo E, et al 
Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(1):85-92.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
A Retrospective TDM Database Analysis of Interpatient Variability in the
Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir in HIV-infected Adults.

van der Leur MR, Burger DM, la Porte CJ, Koopmans PP.

Ther Drug Monit.
2006 Oct;28(5):650-653
Abstract

 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Subjects With
Hepatic Impairment.

Peng JZ, Pulido F, Causemaker SJ, et al 

J Clin Pharmacol.
2006 Mar;46(3):265-74.
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-
infected patients.

Crommentuyn KM, Kappelhoff BS, Mulder JW, et al  
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;60(4):378-89.
Abstract
 
Pharmacokinetics of once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir and the influence of dose
modifications.

la Porte CJ, Schippers EF, van der Ende ME, et al

AIDS. 2005 Jul 1;19(10):1105-1107.
Abstract
 
Lopinavir concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceed the 50% inhibitory
concentration for H
IV.

Capparelli EV, Holland D, Okamoto C
AIDS. 2005 Jun 10;19(9):949-52.
Abstract
 
Absence of circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir
given as a once daily dosing regimen in HIV-1-infected patients.

van Heeswijk RP, Bourbeau M, Seguin I, et al
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;59(4):398-404.
Abstract
 
Successful projection of the time course of drug concentration in plasma
during a 1-year period from electronically compiled dosing-time data used
as input to individually parameterized pharmacokinetic models.

Vrijens B, Tousset E, Rode R, Bertz R, Mayer S, Urquhart J.
 
J Clin Pharmacol.
2005 Apr;45(4):461-7
Abstract
 
The effects of HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir on
insulin sensitivity in HIV-seronegative healthy adults.

Noor MA, Parker RA, O'mara E, et al  
AIDS. 2004 Nov 5;18(16):2137-2144.
Abstract
 
The plasma and intracellular steady-state pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir
in HIV-1-infected patients.

Crommentuyn KM, Mulder JW, Mairuhu AT  
Antivir Ther. 2004 Oct;9(5):779-85.
Abstract
 
Estimation of serum-free 50-percent inhibitory concentrations for human
immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir
.

Hickman D, Vasavanonda S, Nequist G ,et al

Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2004 Aug;48(8):2911-7.
Abstract
 
Lopinavir protein binding in vivo through the 12-hour dosing interval.
Boffito M, Hoggard PG, Lindup WE, et al   
Ther Drug Monit. 2004 Feb;26(1):35-9.
Abstract

Differential diffusions of indinavir and lopinavir in genital secretions of
human immunodeficiency virus-infected women.

Launay O, Tod M, Louchahi K ,et al 
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
. 2004 Feb; 48(2): 632-4.
Abstract

 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Lopinavir: acute exposure inhibits P-glycoprotein; extended exposure induces
P-glycoprotein.

Vishnuvardhan D, Moltke LL, Richert C, Greenblatt DJ
AIDS. 17(7):1092-1094, May 2, 2003.
Paper

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genotypic and Pharmacokinetic
Determinants of the Virological Response to Lopinavir-Ritonavir-Containing
Therapy in Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients.

Masquelier B,  Breilh D, Neau D, et al.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother
2002 Sep;46(9):2926-2932
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of amprenavir and lopinavir in combination with
nevirapine in highly pretreated HIV-infected patients.

Fătkenheuer  G, Römer K, Kamps R,  et al
AIDS, 2001:Vol 15, No 17 2334-2355
Abstract

ABT 378/r: a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 protease in haemodialysis.
Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Legrand M, et al.
AIDS 2001 Mar 30;15(5):662-4
Abstract

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Potent inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 3A-mediated human liver
microsomal metabolism of a novel HIV protease inhibitor by ritonavir:
A positive drug-drug interaction.

Kumar GN, Dykstra J, Roberts EM, Jayanti VK, Hickman D, et al.  
Drug Metab Dispos
1999 Aug;27(8):902-8  
Paper

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
ABT-378, a highly potent inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus
protease.

Sham HL, Kempf DJ, Molla A, Marsh KC, Kumar GN, Chen CM, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
1998 Dec;42(12):3218-24
Paper

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Pharmacokinetic enhancement of inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency
virus protease by coadministration with ritonavir.

Kempf DJ, Marsh KC, Kumar G, et al;
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 Mar;41(3):654-60  
Paper

 

Safety
 

 
Safety of Long-term Lopinavir Plasma-levels in Patients with Liver Disease.
Langmann P, Hubert C, Heinz W, et al 
Eur J Med Res. 2008 May 26;13(5):205-8.
Abstract
 
Safety and antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy in human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.

Kaplan SS, Hicks CB.  

J Antimicrob Chemother
. 2005 Jun 30;
Abstract

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Long-term safety and durable antiretroviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir in
treatment-naive patients: 4 year follow-up study

Hicks C, King M, ; Gulick R, et al

AIDS: Vol 18(5) 26 March 2004 pp 775-779
Paper


Drug Monitoring
 

 
Evidence-based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of lopinavir
Barrail-Tran A, Taburet AM, Poirier JM.
Therapie. 2011 May-Jun;66(3):231-8
Abstract

The relation between treatment outcome and efavirenz, atazanavir or lopinavir
exposure in the NORTHIV trial of treatment-naďve HIV-1 infected patients.
Josephson F, Andersson MC, Flamholc L, et al 
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
. 2009 Dec 5.
Abstract

Identification of new genotypic cut-off levels to predict the efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir and
darunavir/ritonavir in the TITAN trial.
Hill A, Marcelin AG, Calvez V.
HIV Med
. 2009 Jul 6.
Abstract

Predictive value of the HIV phenotype and genotype and of amprenavir and lopinavir inhibitory
quotients in heavily pretreated patients on a ritonavir-boosted dual protease inhibitor regimen.
Barrail-Tran A, Morand-Joubert L, Poizat G, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Feb 19
Abstract
 

Determination of lopinavir and ritonavir in blood plasma, seminal plasma, saliva and plasma
ultra-filtrate by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection

Estrela RC, Ribeiro FS, Seixas BV, et al 
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2008 Feb 7;22(5):657-664
Abstract
 
Assessing the Impact of Substance use and Hepatitis Coinfection on Atazanavir
and Lopinavir Trough Concentrations in HIV-Infected Patients During Therapeutic
Drug Monitoring.

Slish J, Ma Q, Zingman BS, et al

Ther Drug Monit.
2007 Oct;29(5):560-565.
Abstract
 
Monitoring of lopinavir and ritonavir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells,
plasma, and ultrafiltrate using a selective and highly sensitive LC/MS/MS assay.

Ehrhardt M, Mock M, Haefeli WE, et al
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.
2006 Dec 8
Abstract
 

Drug monitoring and viral response to Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Saquinavir/Ritonavir
containing regimens in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency
virus type 1

Falkensammer B, Fasser W, Scherer K, et al 
Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005 January-March;18(1):145-154

Abstract

Metabolic Evaluation of HIV-Infected Patients Receiving a Regimen Containing
Lopinavir/Ritonavir

Lafeuillade A, Hittinger G, Philip G, et al
HIV Clin Trials. 2004 November-December;5(6):392-398.
Abstract
 
An enzyme immunoassay for the quantification of plasma and intracellular
lopinavir in HIV-infected patients.

Azoulay S, Nevers MC, Creminon C
HIV Clin Trials. 2004 Nov-Dec;5(6):392-8.
Abstract

Therapeutic drug monitoring of lopinavir/ritonavir given alone or with a
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

Solas C, Poizot-Martin I, Drogoul MP, et al
 
r J Clin Pharmacol.
2004 Apr;57(4):436-40.
Abstract
 
Intra-individual variability in lopinavir plasma trough concentrations supports
therapeutic drug monitoring.

Boffito M, Back DJ, Hoggard PG, et al
AIDS. 17(7):1107-1108, May 2, 2003.
Letter


Viral Dynamics
 

 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW-FEATURED REPORT
Virological characterization of patients failing darunavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in
the ARTEMIS study:96-week analysis.
Lathouwers E, De Meyer S, Dierynck I, Van de Casteele T,
 et al
Antivir Ther
. 2011;16(1):99-108
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Differential Effects of Efavirenz, Lopinavir/r, and Atazanavir/r on the Initial Viral Decay
Rate in Treatment Naďve HIV-1-Infected Patients.
Edén A, Andersson LM, Andersson O, et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses
. 2010 May 10.
Abstract

Virologic Response to Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimens in a Multi-Center
 International Clinical Cohort: Comparison of Genotypic Interpretation Scores.
Grant P, Wong EC, Rode R, et al  
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2008 Aug 18.
Abstract
 

Time to virological failure with atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without
an H2-receptor blocker, not significantly different in HIV observational database study.
Keiser PH, Nassar N.
Int J STD AIDS.
2008 Aug;19(8):561-2
Abstract
 
A predictive genotypic algorithm for virologic response to lopinavir/ritonavir in
protease inhibitor-experienced patients.

King MS, Rode R, Cohen-Codar I, et al

Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2007 Jun 18;
Abstract
 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Low initial trough plasma concentrations of lopinavir are associated with an
impairment of virological response in an unselected cohort of HIV-1-infected patients.

Wateba M, Billaud E, Dailly E, et al 
HIV Med. 2006 Apr;7(3):197-9.
Abstract

 
A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Prediction of early and confirmed virological response by genotypic inhibitory
quotients for lopinavir in patients naive for lopinavir with limited exposure to
previous protease inhibitors.

Torti C, Uccelli MC, Quiros-Roldan E, Gargiulo F, et al 

J Clin Virol.
2005 Nov 6;
Abstract
 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Virological and Pharmacological Parameters Predicting the Response to Lopinavir-
Ritonavir in Heavily Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients.

Marcelin AG, Cohen-Codar I, King MS, et al

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 May;49(5):1720-1726.
Paper
 
Baseline HIV-1 RNA Level and CD4 Cell Count Predict Time to Loss of
Virologic Response to Nelfinavir, but Not Lopinavir/Ritonavir, in Antiretroviral
Therapy-Naive Patients

King MS, Bernstein BM, Walmsley SL, et al 

J Infect Dis
. 2004 Jul 15;190(2):280-4

Abstract
 
Interleukin-7 levels may predict virological response in advanced HIV-1-infected
patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy.

Boulassel MR, Smith GH, Gilmore N, et al. 

HIV Med.
2003 Oct;4(4):315-320.
Abstract

FULL-TEXT PDF ARTICLE
Differences in the detection of three HIV-1 protease inhibitors in non-blood
compartments: clinical correlations.

Lafeuillade A, Solas C, Halfon P, et al.
HIV Clin Trials 2002 Jan-Feb;3(1):27-35
Paper

   
  Identification of Genotypic Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease
that Correlate with Reduced Susceptibility to the Protease Inhibitor Lopinavir
among Viral Isolates from Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients.

Kempf DJ, Isaacson JD,   King MS, et al.  
J Virol. 2001 Aug;75(16):7462-9.

Abstract

Treatment Failure

 

  A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Low lopinavir plasma or hair concentrations explain second line protease inhibitor failures in
a resource-limited setting.
van Zyl GU, van Mens TE, McIlleron H,  et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
2011 Jan 13.
Abstract

High rate of proV47A selection in HIV-2 patients failing lopinavir-based HAART.
Rodes B, Toro C, Sheldon JA, et al
AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):127-9.
Abstract


Drug/Nutrient Interactions

 

  Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on lopinavir, midazolam and fexofenadine pharmacokinetics in
healthy subjects.

Robertson SM, Davey RT, Voell J, et al 
Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan 17

Abstract

Diagnostics

 

 
Simultaneous Quantitation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Indinavir in Human Plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS-MS.
Mishra TD, Kurani H, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS.
J Chromatogr Sci. 2012 May 4.
Abstract

Simultaneous determination of lamivudine, lopinavir, ritonavir, and zidovudine concentration in
plasma of HIV-infected patients by HPLC-MS/MS.

Notari S, Sergi M, Montesano C, Ivanovic J,  et al
IUBMB Life. 2012 Apr 4.
Abstract

Application of a rapid and selective method for the simultaneous determination of protease inhibitors,
lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for bioequivalence study in Indian subjects.
Yadav M, Rao R, Kurani H, et al
J Pharm Biomed Anal
. 2009 Feb 20.
Abstract
 

Clinical ritonavir and lopinavir hypersensitivity confirmed by a specific in vitro cellular
allergen stimulation test.

Manfredi R, Sabbatani S, Bergonzi S.

Curr HIV Res.
2007 Jul;5(4):440-2
Abstract

 
Determination of lopinavir cerebral spinal fluid and plasma ultrafiltrate concentrations
by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

Difrancesco R, Dicenzo R, Vicente G, et al 
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 May 25;
Abstract

Microarray multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of
hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency type-1 viruses in human
blood samples.

Hsia CC, Chizhikov VE, Yang AX, et al
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Mar 26
Abstract


HIV/HCV Coinfection

 

 
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir in HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients with Advanced Liver Disease.
Casado JL, Del Palacio M, Moya J, et al
HIV Clin Trials
. 2011 Sep-Oct;12(5):235-43.
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Assessing the impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on lopinavir/ritonavir trough
concentrations in HIV-infected patients.
Calza L, Mosca L, Pocaterra D, et al
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
. 2010 Sep 28.
Abstract

Lopinavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients With or Without Cirrhosis.
Micheli V, Regazzi M, Dickinson L, et al
Ther Drug Monit. 2008 Jun;30(3):306-313
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Lopinavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infected
Patients without Liver Function Impairment : Influence of Liver Fibrosis.

Molto J, Valle M, Blanco A, Negredo E, et al 
Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(1):85-92.
Abstract

   
  A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Subjects With
Hepatic Impairment.

Peng JZ, Pulido F, Causemaker SJ, et al 
J Clin Pharmacol.
2006 Mar;46(3):265-74.
Abstract
   
  Liver injury and changes in hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA load associated with
protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HCV-HIV-
coinfected patients: lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir.

Sherman KE, Shire NJ, Cernohous P, et al
Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 15;41(8):1186-95.
Abstract

Non-HIV Indications

 

SARS
 
  Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and
clinical findings.

Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, et al
Thorax.
2004 Mar;59(3):252-6.
Abstract

Economics

 

 
Economic and Health-related Quality of Life (HRQL) Comparison of Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and
Atazanavir plus Ritonavir (ATV+RTV) based Regimens for Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)-Naďve and -
Experienced United Kingdom (UK) Patients in 2011.
Simpson K, Baran R, Collomb D,  et al 
J Med Econ
. 2012 May 7.
Abstract

Pharmacoeconomic aspects of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy]
Escobar Rodríguez I, Esteban Alba C.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2008 Dec;26 Suppl 16:47-51
Abstract

Cost-effectiveness analysis of lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir+ritonavir regimens
in the CASTLE study.
Simpson KN, Rajagopalan R, Dietz B.

Adv Ther. 2009 Feb 14.
Abstract

A WEEK-IN-REVIEW FEATURED REPORT
Cost effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir compared with atazanavir plus ritonavir in
antiretroviral-experienced patients in the US.

Simpson KN, Jones WJ, Rajagopalan R, Dietz B.

Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27(7):443-52.
Abstract
 

 
Cost effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir compared with atazanavir in antiretroviral-
naive patients: modelling the combined effects of HIV and heart disease.

Simpson KN, Luo MP, Chumney E, et al
Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27(1):67-74.
Abstract
 
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of a maintenance strategy with lopinavir/ritonavir
monotherapy in HIV-infected patients

Escobar I, Pulido F, Pérez E, et al
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006 Oct;24(8):490-4.
Abstract
 
Cost-effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir versus nelfinavir as the first-line highly
active antiretroviral therapy regimen for HIV infection

Simpson KN, Luo MP, Chumney E, et al
HIV Clin Trials. 2004 Sep-Oct;5(5):294-304
Abstract


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