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Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra/Aluvia)
 
Pediatric Indications: Main Page
 
New and Noteworthy      
General Reports             
Formulations                  
Safety/Pharmacokinetics
Drug/Drug Interactions

Diagnostics/Monitoring
Viral Dynamics
Dosage
Resistance
Efficacy
Treatment Strategies
Adverse Events
Drug Failure
HIV/HCV Coinfection

HIV/TB Coinfection
HIV/Malaria Coinfection


 

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Last Update:  December 21, 2017
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New and Noteworthy

       

December 2017
 
 

General Reports

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 
Abstract
Abstract

A Phase II/III Trial of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Dosed According to the Who Pediatric Weight Band Dosing Guidelines.
Pinto JA, Capparelli EV, Warshaw M
 Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Oct 28.
Abstract

Brief Report: Lopinavir Hair Concentrations are the Strongest Predictor of Viremia in HIV-infected Asian Children and Adolescents on Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy.
Pintye J, Bacchetti P, Teeraananchai S, et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
. 2017 Aug 18
Abstract

Developing a Flexible Pediatric Dosage Form for Antiretroviral Therapy: A Fast-Dissolving Tablet.
Lal M, Lai M, Estrada M, Zhu C. J
 Pharm Sci
. 2017 May 9.
Abstract

Altered Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to the antiretroviral protease inhibitor lopinavir associated with polymorphisms in pfmdr1.
Sonoiki E, Nsanzabana C, Legac J, et al  
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
. 2016 Nov 7.
Abstract

Growth Recovery Among HIV-Infected Children Randomized to Lopinavir/Ritonavir or NNRTI-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.
Achan J, Kakuru A, Ikilezi G, et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2016 Aug 30
Abstract

Development and in vivo evaluation of child-friendly lopinavir/ritonavir pediatric granules utilizing novel in situ self-assembly nanoparticles.
Pham K, Li D, Guo S, Penzak S,et al
J Control Release. 2016 Feb 2. pii: S0168-3659(16)30054-2.
Abstract

Concentration-Response Model of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-1-Infected Pediatric Patients.
Bouazza N, Urien S, Blanche S,  et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Feb 6.
Abstract

Are lopinavir and efavirenz serum concentrations in HIV-infected children in the therapeutic range in clinical practice?
von Bibra M, Rosenkranz B, Pretorius E,  et al
Paediatr Int Child Health. 2013 Sep 2
Abstract

Nine-year follow-up of HIV-infected Romanian children and adolescents receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Wanless RS, Rugină S, Ruţă SM, ret al
Germs. 2013 Sep 1;3(3):90-5.
Abstract

Trough Lopinavir Concentrations in Preterm Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infants.
Holgate SL, Rabie H, Smith P, Cotton MF.  
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2012 Mar 12.
Abstract

Kaletra oral solution: modification of confusing label: packaging. an infant died in France.
[No authors listed]
Prescrire Int. 2008 Aug;17(96):140.
Abstract


Formulations

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Acceptability of lopinavir/r pellets (minitabs), tablets and syrups in HIV-infected children.
Kekitiinwa A, Musiime V, Thomason MJ, et al
Antivir Ther
. 2016 Apr 29.
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in HIV type-1-infected children taking the new tablet |
formulation once daily.
van der Flier M, Verweel G, van der Knaap LC, et al 
Antivir Ther
. 2008;13(8):1087-90.
Abstract
 


Safety/Pharmacokinetics

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 

The Effect of Malnutrition on the Pharmacokinetics and Virologic Outcomes of Lopinavir, Efavirenz and Nevirapine in Food Insecure HIV-infected Children in Tororo, Uganda.
Bartelink IH, Savic RM, Dorsey G,  et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2015 Mar;34(3):e63-e70.
Abstract

The Pharmacokinetics and Acceptability of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Minitab Sprinkles, Tablets, and Syrups in African HIV-Infected Children.
Musiime V, Fillekes Q, Kekitiinwa A,  et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
. 2014 Jun 1;66(2):148-54.
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of Pediatric Lopinavir/Ritonavir Tablets in Children when Administered Twice Daily According to FDA Weight Bands.
Bastiaans DE, Forcat S, Lyall H, et al

Pediatr Infect Dis
J
. 2013 Dec 18.
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir Determined with an ELISA Test in Youths with Perinatally Acquired HIV.
Prinapori R, Rosso R, Di Biagio A, et al
Indian J Pediatr. 2013 Sep 7.
Abstract

Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin-based
antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected children.
Zhang C, McIlleron H, Ren Y, et al
Antivir Ther
. 2012;17(1):25-33.
Abstract

Assessment of Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics With Respect to Developmental Changes in Infants and
the Impact on Weight Band-Based Dosing.
Nikanjam M, Chadwick EG, Robbins B,  et al
Clin Pharmacol Ther
. 2011 Dec 21.
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Crushed versus Whole Tablets in Children.
Best BM, Capparelli EV, Diep H, et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Aug 26

Abstract

CYP3A5, ABCB1, and SLCO1B1 Polymorphisms and Pharmacokinetics and Virologic Outcome of
Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Children.

Rakhmanina NY, Neely MN, Van Schaik RH, et al
Ther Drug Monit
. 2011 Jul 2.
Abstract

Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based
antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children.
Elsherbiny D, Ren Y, McIlleron H, et al  
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
. 2010 Jun 16.
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of two generic co-formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir for
HIV-infected children: a pilot study of paediatric Lopimune versus the
branded product in healthy adult volunteers.
de Kanter CT, Colbers EP, Fillekes Q, et al
J Antimicrob Chemother
. 2010 Jan 7
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics and 48 week efficacy of low-dose lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children.
Puthanakit T, van der Lugt J, Bunupuradah T,et al 
J Antimicrob Chemoth
er
. 2009 Sep 2
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of once- versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir
treatment in HIV-1-infected children.
l
a Porte C, van Heeswijk R, Mitchell CD, et al
Antivir Ther
. 2009;14(4):603-6
Abstract

Population Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir Predict Suboptimal Therapeutic Concentrations
in Treatment Experienced HIV-infected Children.
Rakhmanina N, van den Anker J, Baghdassarian A, et al
Antimicrob
Agents Chemother
. 2009 Mar 2.
Abstract
 

Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in HIV type-1-infected children taking the new tablet formulation once daily.
van der Flier M, Verweel G, van der Knaap LC, et al 
Antivir Ther
. 2008;13(8):1087-90.
Abstract
 
Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Combination With Efavirenz in
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pediatric Patients.
King JR, Acosta EP, Yogev R, et al 
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2008 Dec 22
Abstract
 
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir with and without Saquinavir or Non-Nucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in HIV Infected Pediatric and Adolescent Patients Previously Treated
with Protease Inhibitors - Study PACTG P1038.

Robbins BL, Capparelli EV, Chadwick EG, et al 

Antimicrob Agents Chemothe
r. 2008 Jul 14.
Abstract
 
Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected
children.

van der Lee M, Verweel G, de Groot R, Burger D.  
Antivir Ther.
2006;11(4):439-45.
Abstract

Safety and Antiviral Response at 12 Months of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Therapy in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Children Experienced With Three Classes of
Antiretrovirals.

Ramos JT, De Jose MI, Duenas J, et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 Oct;24(10):867-873.
Abstract
 

 

Drug/Drug Interactions

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 
Effect of Rifampicin on Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Children With Tuberculosis.
Ren Y, Nuttall JJ, Egbers C, et al 

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2008 Jan 11
Abstract
 
Exogenous Cushing Syndrome with Inhaled Fluticasone in a Child Receiving
Lopinavir/Ritonavir.

Bhumbra NA, Sahloff EG, Oehrtman SJ, Horner JM.
Ann Pharmacother.
2007 May 29
Abstract

Increased Dose of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Compensates for Efavirenz-Induced
Drug-Drug Interaction in HIV-1-Infected Children.

Bergshoeff AS, Fraaij PL, Ndagijimana J, et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2005 May 1;39(1):63-68.

Abstract


Diagnostics/Monitoring

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Using lopinavir concentrations in hair samples to assess treatment outcomes on second-line regimens among Asian children.
Prasitsuebsai W, Kerr SJ, Truong KH,  et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015 Jul 22.
Abstract

 


Viral Dynamics

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 
The Effect of Malnutrition on the Pharmacokinetics and Virologic Outcomes of Lopinavir, Efavirenz and Nevirapine in Food Insecure HIV-infected Children in Tororo, Uganda.
Bartelink IH, Savic RM, Dorsey G,  et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2015 Mar;34(3):e63-e70.
Abstract

Mortality and Long-Term Virologic Outcomes in Children and Infants Treated with Lopinavir/ritonavir-based Therapy: Panama
D  Estripeaut, Jonathan Mosser, M Doherty, et al
(20th CROI)
Abstract

Predictors of Virologic and Clinical Response to Nevirapine- vs Lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART in Infants and Children with and without Prior Nevirapine Exposure for the PMTCT
J Lindsey, M Hughes, A Violari, et al
(19th CROI)
Abstract

Predictive Factors of Virologic Success in HIV-1-Infected Children Treated With
Lopinavir/Ritonavir.

Delaugerre C, Teglas JP, Treluyer JM,
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Oct 1;37(2):1269-1275.
Abstract


Dosage

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

  Once vs. twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children.
Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA).

AIDS
. 2015 Nov 28;29(18):2447-57
Abstract

Lopinavir Dosing in HIV-Infected Children in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Donegan K, Doerholt K, Judd A,  et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2012 Oct 16

Abstract

Once- versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in virologically suppressed, HIV-infected, treatment-experienced children: comparative pharmacokinetics and virological outcome after switching to once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir.
Chokephaibulkit K, Nuntarukchaikul M, Phongsamart W, et al
 Antimicrob Chemothe
r
. 2012 Aug 23.

Abstract

Lopinavir/ritonavir exposure in treatment-naive HIV-infected children following twice
or once daily administration.

Rosso R, Di Biagio A, Dentone C, et al 
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Apr 10;
Abstract


Resistance

       

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Lopinavir/Ritonavir-based Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type
1-infected Naive Children: Rare Protease Inhibitor Resistance Mutations But High
Lamivudine/Emtricitabine Resistance at the Time of Virologic Failure.
Frange P, Briand N, Avettand-Fenoel V,  et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Mar 21
Abstract
 

Treatment Strategies

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 

 

 

 

Impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Plasma Concentrations of Efavirenz and Lopinavir/ritonavir in Chinese Children Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Liu X, Ma Q, Zhao Y,
 Pharmacotherapy
. 2017 Jul 17
Abstract

Switching to efavirenz versus remaining on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in HIV-infected children exposed to nevirapine: long-term outcomes of a randomized trial.
Murnane PM, Strehlau R, Shiau S, et al
Clin Infect
Dis
. 2017 Apr 17
Abstract

Long-Term Lopinavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy in HIV-Infected Children.
Kosalaraksa P, Ananworanich J, Puthanakit T, et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Nov 27
Abstract

Monoboosted lopinavir/ritonavir as simplified second-line maintenance therapy in
virologically suppressed children.
Bunupuradah T, Kosalaraksa P, Puthanakit T, et al
AIDS
. 2010 Dec 13.
Abstract


Adverse Events

       

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Insulin resistance and lipid Profiles in HIV-infected Thai children receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Dejkhamron P, Unachak K, Aurpibul L, Sirisanthana V.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
. 2013 Nov 21:1-10.

Abstract

Metabolic abnormalities and body composition of HIV-infected children on Lopinavir or Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy.
Arpadi S, Shiau S, Strehlau R,  et al
Arch Dis Child. 2012 Dec 5
Abstract

Association between Lipodystrophy and Leptin in HIV -1-Infected Children Receiving
Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Therapy
Resino S, Palladino C, Lorente R, et al 
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2010 Apr 2.

Abstract


Drug Failure

       

    Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Plasma lopinavir concentrations predict virological failure in a cohort of South African children initiating a protease-inhibitor-based regimen.
Moholisa RR, Schomaker M, Kuhn L, et al
Antivir Ther. 2014 Feb 12
Abstract
 

HIV/HCV Coinfection

       

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 
Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based
antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children.
Elsherbiny D, Ren Y, McIlleron H, et al  
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
. 2010 Jun 16.
Abstract

Evolution of HIV and HCV coinfected children receiving long-term lopinavir/ritonavir-based
antiretroviral therapy.
Larrú B, Resino S, Bellón JM, et al 
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin
. 2008 Aug-Sep;26(7):426-9.

Abstract


HIV/TB Coinfection

       

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
 
Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir.
Moultrie H, McIlleron H, Sawry S, et al 
J Antimicrob Chemother
. 2014 Oct 3
Abstract

Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin-based
antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected children.
Zhang C, McIlleron H, Ren Y, et al
Antivir Ther. 2012;17(1):25-33.
Abstract

Pharmacokinetics of Nevirapine in Human Immune Deficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Co-infected Children
Receiving Antiretroviral Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets While Receiving Rifampicin-Containing Tuberculosis
Treatment and after Rifampicin Discontinuation.
Prasitsuebsai W, Cressey TR, Capparelli E,  et al
Pediatr Infect Dis J
. 2011 Dec 2
Abstract

Effect of Rifampicin on Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Children With Tuberculosis.
Ren Y, Nuttall JJ, Egbers C, et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Jan 11
Abstract
 


HIV/Malaria Coinfection

       

   Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Does a significant reduction in malaria risk make lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART cost-effective for children with HIV in co-endemic, low-resource settings?
Ahmed BS, Phelps BR, Reuben EB, Ferris RE.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Dec 2
Abstract

 


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